In the past all HMD phones were apparently manufactured by FIH Mobile Ltd (part of Foxconn) in China:
https://www.slashgear.com/microsoft-sells-nokia-brand-to-foxconn-and-hmd-global-18440501/
5/44
In 2023 HMD started manufacturing phones in Europe:
https://www.hmd.com/en_ae/press/hmd-begins-manufacturing-5g-smartphones-in-europe
6/44
Some HMD phones are manufactured in Hungary:
https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/03/nokia-hmd-global-europe-smartphone
HMD has not disclosed any other sites citing security concerns.
7/44
JollyBoys (Finland) builds mobile phones that run the Linux-based SailfishOS-operating system which supports Android applications:
8/44
The new Jolla Phone (2026) is assembled in Finland:
https://jolla.com/content/uploads/2026/03/Jolla_Phone_PressRelease_MWC2026.pdf
According to Finnish newspaper sources the phone’s CPU comes from Taiwan, memory from South Korea, camera from Japan and the chassis from China.
9/44
The previous generation Jolla phone, the Jolla C2, was built Turkish Reeder Teknoloji:
10/44
The paid version of the SailfishOS operating system can also be installed on a range of Sony Xperia phones:
https://docs.sailfishos.org/Support/Supported_Devices/
11/44
Fairphone (Netherlands) builds repairable Android phones with long-term support:
https://shop.fairphone.com/about-us
12/44
Fairphones are manufactured in China by Huizhou TCL Mobile Communication Co, Ltd:
https://www.fairphone.com/en/impact/source-map-transparency
Fairphones have the Android-based /e/OS developed by Murena as their operating system.
13/44
Gigaset communications (Germany): produces phones and Android smartphones in Germany:
https://www.gigaset.com/en_en/cms/about-us/made-in-germany.html
14/44
Between 2008 and 2024 Gigaset was owned by Arques Industries:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigaset_Communications
15/44
During that timespan some Gigaset products were _not_ manufactured in Germany:
https://gse.gigaset.com/fileadmin/legacy-assets/Gigaset_Communications_long_profile_e.pdf
16/44
In 2025 Gigaset became a manufacturing partner for the Canadian company Mitel:
17/44
Also in 2026 Gigaset started producing devices for the Swiss company Punkt:
18/44
Snom in turn is a subsidiary of VTech Holdings Limitedin, a holding company from Hong Kong:
20/44
Punkt (Switzerland) builds smartphones:
https://www.punkt.ch/pages/our-story
Some Punkt devices are produced by Gigaset (see above).
21/44
Apostrophy OS is based on GrapheneOS:Due to indirect Chinese ownership Gigaset can’t be considered a truly sovereign European manufacturer, even though its roots are in Europe.
https://www.androidpolice.com/apostrophy-os-guide/
GrapheneOSis derived from open source Android (AOSP).
23/44
Nothing Technologies Limited (Great Britain) produces Android phones:
24/44
Nothing phones are bundled with the closed-source Nothing OS user interface:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_OS
25/44
Nothing Technologies Limit seems to have received a lot of funding from investors:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_%5C%28company%5C%29
26/44
Nothing's cheaper CMF line of smartphones is, at least partially, manufactured in India:
27/44
Nothing Technologies Limited is currently migrating the manufacturing of their CMF product line to a separate Indian company:
https://everge.com/news/785474/nothing-spins-off-budget-brand-cmf-india
28/44
The majority holder of the new company, Optiemus, will then take over manufacturing of Nothing CMF phones:
https://everge.com/news/785474/nothing-spins-off-budget-brand-cmf-india
29/44
SHIFT users have the option to run AOSP-based ShiftOS or ShiftOS-L that comes without any Google services:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiftphone
31/44
SHIFT has its own factory in China:
32/44
Operating system choices for Volla are VollaOS (based on Android) or Ubuntu Touch:
https://volla.online/en/operating-systems/
34/44
Volla Tablet is also sold by Murena that bundles it with its own /e/OS operating system:
https://murena.com/shop/smartphones/brand-new/murena-volla-tablet/
35/44
Murena (France) is a private company that develops the Android-based /e/OS operating system:
37/44
The /e/OS operating system is found in Fairphones, SHIFT phones and Nothing Technologies Limited smartphones. Murena sells some of these phone models under its own Murena brand:
https://murena.com/products/smartphones/
Murena does not have its own phone models.
38/44
Emporia (Austria) focuses on easy to use phones and smartphones:
Their smartphones use Google Android, but have an optional “easy to use” user interface on top.
39/44
As you we see from above, smartphone manufacturing in Europe is only taking its first baby steps in 2026. Most components come from South-East Asia, even if the final assembly happens in Europe.
40/44
At the moment it is not possible to avoid the China risk when buying a smartphone. In addition Gigaset - an important European manufacturing partner for many European smartphone manufacturers - is indirectly owned by a Chinese company.
41/44
On the software side mitigating the Google (U.S.) risk seems fairly straightforward. Many European manufacturers preinstall a de-Googled Android version. Not using Google Android with Google services comes with considerable, but not insurmountable, trade-offs.
42/44
Jolla phones with SailfishOS have roughly the same caveats as a de-Googled Android phones do. Other native Linux mobile operating are also available: #postmarketos, #mobian, #manjaro, #droidian and #ubuntutouch. Android support can be added with #waydroid.
43/44
@gecos_analytics Droidian and Ubuntu Touch depend on AOSP the same way Sailfish does.
Mobian, PureOS, postmarketOS, BengalOS, Pocketblue etc. don't.
@gecos_analytics Yes - just clarifying due to the use of the term "native Linux" there.
@dos yep. It seems that Halium is a "necessary evil" in the mobile phone world due to lack of native Linux kernel drivers for mobile hardware. It would be great if we could just install Linux on smartphones without having to rely on proprietary Android drivers....
@gecos_analytics It's not and we can - there are several distributions out there that don't rely on Android at all, I listed some of them above.
@dos are you speaking of Halium?